37 documentos corresponden a la consulta.
Palabras contadas: adaptation: 53
Sainz-Trapága, M. - Masoller, C. - Braun, H.A. - Huber, M.T.
Phys Rev E. 2004;70(3):11
2004
Temas: Cardiology - Computer simulation - Feedback - Mathematical models - Ordinary differential equations - Photoreactivity - Physiology - Sensitivity analysis - Delay differential equations (DDE) - Firing pattern
Tipo de documento: info:ar-repo/semantics/artículo
Centanin, L. - Gorr, T.A. - Wappner, P.
J. Insect Physiol. 2010;56(5):447-454
2010
Temas: Cell autonomy - HIF - Hypoxia - Plasticity - Tracheae - embryonic development - enzyme - hypoxia - insect - larval development
Descripción: The insect tracheal system is a continuous tubular network that ramifies into progressively thinner branches to provide air directly to every organ and tissue throughout the body. During embryogenesis the basic architecture of the tracheal system develops in a stereotypical and genetically controlled manner. Later, in larval stages, the tracheal system becomes plastic, and adapts to particular oxygen needs of the different tissues of the body. Oxygen sensing is mediated by specific prolyl-4-hydroxylases that regulate protein stability of the alpha subunit of oxygen-responsive transcription factors from the HIF family. Tracheal cells are exquisitely sensitive to oxygen levels, modulating the expression of hypoxia-inducible proteins that mediate sprouting of tracheal branches in direction to oxygen-deprived tissues. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Viale, A.A. - Wider, E.A. - Del C. Batlle, A.M.
Int. J. Biochem. 1987;19(4):379-383
1987
Temas: 5 aminolevulinate synthase - bacteriochlorophyll - chloramphenicol - porphyrin - adaptation - article - biosynthesis - enzymology - homeostasis - metabolism
Descripción: The high levels of δ-aminolevulinate synthetase (ALA-S) in Rhodopseudomonas palustris cells grown anaerobically in the light (Ph) decrease to those found in cells grown aerobically in the dark (A), when the former cultures were vigorously oxygenated; simultaneously bacteriochlorophyll (Bchl) synthesis abruptly halted leading to diminished steady-state specific Bchl content. When flushing oxygen was interrupted, enzymic activity increased, whether chloramphenicol was present or not in the medium; if the protein synthesis inhibitor was added when oxygenation started, ALA-S declined in the same fashion as in its absence, but thereafter reactivation of the enzyme was lower than before. Succinyl-CoA-synthetase and ALA-dehydratase activities were also measured under the conditions described, and no changes at all have been observed. The existence of different forms of ALA-S in R. palustris depending on growth conditions is postulated along with the formation of low molecular weight factors which can modulate ALA-S activity by binding to the enzyme; a widespread mechanism in the adaptation of micro-organisms to changes in environment. It is also proposed that this particular regulatory phenomenon, could be referred to as a switch off/on mechanism controlling ALA-S activity in R. palustris. © 1987.
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Arias, L.N. - Sambucetti, P. - Scannapieco, A.C. - Loeschcke, V. - Norry, F.M.
J. Exp. Biol. 2012;215(13):2220-2225
2012
Temas: High temperature stress - Quantitative trait loci - Thermal resistance - Thermotolerance - adaptation - animal - article - Drosophila melanogaster - genetics - heat
Descripción: Survival of a potentially lethal high temperature stress is a genetically variable thermal adaptation trait in many organisms. Organisms cope with heat stress by basal or induced thermoresistance. Here, we tested quantitative trait loci (QTL) for heat stress survival (HSS) in Drosophila melanogaster, with and without a cyclic heat-hardening pre-treatment, for flies that were reared at low (LD) or high (HD) density. Mapping populations were two panels of recombinant inbred lines (RIL), which were previously constructed from heat stress-selected stocks: RIL-D48 and RIL-SH2, derived from backcrosses to stocks of low and high heat resistance, respectively. HSS increased with heat hardening in both LD and HD flies. In addition, HSS increased consistently with density in non-hardened flies. There was a significant interaction between heat hardening and density effects in RIL-D48. Several QTL were significant for both density and hardening treatments. Many QTL overlapped with thermotolerance QTL identified for other traits in previous studies based on LD cultures only. However, three new QTL were found in HD only (cytological ranges: 12E-16F6; 30A3-34C2; 49C-50C). Previously found thermotolerance QTL were also significant for flies from HD cultures. © 2012. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.
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Folguera, G. - Ceballos, S. - Spezzi, L. - Fanara, J.J. - Hasson, E.
Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 2008;95(2):233-245
2008
Temas: Thermal adaptation - Thermal amplitude-clines - adaptation - behavioral response - biological development - brood rearing - cline - fly - invasive species - temperature effect
Descripción: The present study first addressed the question of whether developmental time (DT) and viability (VT) vary clinally along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients in Drosophila buzzatii, an autochthonous specialist and the generalist invasive Drosophila melanogaster. Coincident and positive altitudinal clines across species and, direct and inverse latitudinal clines were observed for DT in D. melanogaster and D. buzzatii, respectively. Opposing latitudinal and altitudinal clines were detected for VT only in D. melanogaster. The patterns observed along altitudinal gradients prompted us to investigate whether flies living at lowland and highland environments may respond differentially to thermal treatments consisting of regimes of constant and alternating temperatures. Flies reared at higher mean temperature developed faster than at lower mean temperature in both species. By contrast, the response in VT differed greatly between species. Highland D. melanogaster were more viable than lowland regardless the treatment, whereas, in D. buzzatii, highland flies were more viable than lowland in alternating thermal regimes and the reverse was true in treatments of constant temperature. The results obtained suggest that thermal amplitude may be an important factor that should be considered in investigations of thermal adaptation. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London.
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Thatje, S. - Calcagno, J.A. - Lovrich, G.A. - Sartoris, F.J. - Anger, K.
Helgol. Mar. Res. 2003;57(2):110-113
2003
Temas: Behaviour - Energy investment - Hatching mode - Reproduction - Stone crabs - adaptation - crab - hatching - oxygen consumption - Argentina
Descripción: Temporal pattern of hatching was studied in the subantarctic lithodid crabs Lithodes santolla (Molina) and Paralomis granulosa (Jaquinot) from the Argentine Beagle Channel. In both species, larval hatching occurred in low daily numbers over an extended period of up to several weeks, depending on hatch size. Low daily hatching activity and low oxygen-consumption rates in freshly hatched P. granulosa larvae are discussed as life history adaptations to, and/or physiological constraints by, the environmental conditions of high latitudes.
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Soto, I.M. - Soto, E.M. - Carreira, V.P. - Hurtado, J. - Fanara, J.J. - Hasson, E.
J. Insect Sci. 2010;10
2010
Temas: cactus - clines - geographic variation - natural selection - Opuntia - Cactaceae - Diptera - Drosophila buzzatii - Drosophilidae - Opuntia
Descripción: The inversion polymorphisms of the cactophilic Drosophila buzzatti Patterson and Wheeler (Diptera: Drosophilidae) were studied in new areas of its distribution in Argentina. A total of thirty-eight natural populations, including 29 from previous studies, were analyzed using multiple regression analyses. The results showed that about 23% of total variation was accounted for by a multiple regression model in which only altitude contributed significantly to population variation, despite the fact that latitude and longitude were also included in the model. Also, inversion frequencies exhibited significant associations with mean annual temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure. In addition, expected heterozygosity exhibited a negative association with temperature and precipitation and a positive association with atmospheric pressure. The close similarity of the patterns detected in this larger dataset to previous reports is an indication of the stability of the clines. Also, the concurrence of the clines detected in Argentina with those reported for colonizing populations of Australia suggests the involvement of natural selection as the main mechanism shaping inversion frequencies in D. buzzatii.
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Gilbert, C.D. - Sigman, M.
Neuron 2007;54(5):677-696
2007
Temas: brain circulation - brain cortex - brain function - feedback system - mental disease - nerve cell - perception - priority journal - review - schizophrenia
Descripción: All cortical and thalamic levels of sensory processing are subject to powerful top-down influences, the shaping of lower-level processes by more complex information. New findings on the diversity of top-down interactions show that cortical areas function as adaptive processors, being subject to attention, expectation, and perceptual task. Brain states are determined by the interactions between multiple cortical areas and the modulation of intrinsic circuits by feedback connections. In perceptual learning, both the encoding and recall of learned information involves a selection of the appropriate inputs that convey information about the stimulus being discriminated. Disruption of this interaction may lead to behavioral disorders, including schizophrenia. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Perrucci, D. - Roy, M.-F.
Linear Algebra Its Appl 2013;439(10):3016-3030
2013
Temas: Complexity - Polynomial equations and inequations systems - Sign determination - Bit complexity - Complexity - Finite set - Polynomial equation - Sign determination - Polynomials - Algorithms
Descripción: We consider first the zero-nonzero determination problem, which consists in determining the list of zero-nonzero conditions realized by a finite list of polynomials on a finite set ZâŠCk with C an algebraic closed field. We describe an algorithm to solve the zero-nonzero determination problem and we perform its bit complexity analysis. This algorithm, which is in many ways an adaptation of the methods used to solve the more classical sign determination problem, presents also new ideas which can be used to improve sign determination. Then, we consider the real-nonreal sign determination problem, which deals with both the sign determination and the zero-nonzero determination problem. We describe an algorithm to solve the real-nonreal sign determination problem, we perform its bit complexity analysis and we discuss this problem in a parametric context. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.
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Luquet, C.M. - Postel, U. - Halperin, J. - Urcola, M.R. - Marques, R. - Siebers, D.
J. Exp. Biol. 2002;205(1):71-77
2002
Temas: Chasmagnathus granulatus - Crab - Hyper-regulation - Hypo-regulation - Ion flux - Isolated perfused gill - Na+K+-ATPase - Ouabain - Transepithelial potential difference - adenosine triphosphatase (potassium sodium)
Descripción: We studied the transepithelial potential difference (TEPD) and 22Na flux across isolated perfused gills (anterior pair 5 and posterior pairs 6-8) of the crab Chasmagnathus granulatus acclimated to either hypo- or hyper-osmotic conditions. The gills of crabs acclimated to low salinity, perfused and bathed with 10%‰ saline solutions, produced the following TEPDs (hemolymph side with respect to bath side): 0.4±0.7, -10.2±1.6, -10.8±1.3 and -6.7±1.3mV for gills 5, 6, 7 and 8, respectively. Gills 6, 7 and 8 did not differ significantly. Reducing the saline concentration of bath and perfusate from 30%‰ to 20%‰ or 10%‰ increased significantly the TEPDs of these gills. TEPDs of gill 6 (representative of posterior gills) were reduced by 69±5% and 60±5% after perfusion with ouabain or BaCl2 (5mmoll-1 each), respectively. The same gill showed a net ouabain-sensitive Na+ influx of 1150±290 μequiv g-1h-1. Gill 6 of crabs acclimated to high salinity produced TEPDs of -1.5±0.1 and -1.3±0.09mV after perfusion with 30%‰ or 40%‰ salines, respectively. Perfusion with ouabain or BaCl2 reduced TEPDs by 76±7% and 86±4%, respectively. A net ouabain-sensitive Na+ efflux of 2282±337 μequiv g-1h-1 was recorded in gill 6 perfused with 38%‰ saline.
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Giordano, D. - Boron, I. - Abbruzzetti, S. - van Leuven, W. - Nicoletti, F.P. - Forti, F. - Bruno, S. - Cheng, C.-H.C. - Moens, L. - di Prisco, G. - Nadra, A.D. - Estrin, D. - Smulevich, G. - Dewilde, S. - Viappiani, C. - Verde, C.
PLoS ONE 2012;7(12)
2012
Temas: hemoglobin - myoglobin - neuroglobin - article - autooxidation - biophysics - Chaenocephalus aceratus - controlled study - Dissostichus mawsoni - fish
Descripción: The Antarctic icefish Chaenocephalus aceratus lacks the globins common to most vertebrates, hemoglobin and myoglobin, but has retained neuroglobin in the brain. This conserved globin has been cloned, over-expressed and purified. To highlight similarities and differences, the structural features of the neuroglobin of this colourless-blooded fish were compared with those of the well characterised human neuroglobin as well as with the neuroglobin from the retina of the red blooded, hemoglobin and myoglobin-containing, closely related Antarctic notothenioid Dissostichus mawsoni. A detailed structural and functional analysis of the two Antarctic fish neuroglobins was carried out by UV-visible and Resonance Raman spectroscopies, molecular dynamics simulations and laser-flash photolysis. Similar to the human protein, Antarctic fish neuroglobins can reversibly bind oxygen and CO in the Fe 2+ form, and show six-coordination by distal His in the absence of exogenous ligands. A very large and structured internal cavity, with discrete docking sites, was identified in the modelled three-dimensional structures of the Antarctic neuroglobins. Estimate of the free-energy barriers from laser-flash photolysis and Implicit Ligand Sampling showed that the cavities are accessible from the solvent in both proteins. Comparison of structural and functional properties suggests that the two Antarctic fish neuroglobins most likely preserved and possibly improved the function recently proposed for human neuroglobin in ligand multichemistry. Despite subtle differences, the adaptation of Antarctic fish neuroglobins does not seem to parallel the dramatic adaptation of the oxygen carrying globins, hemoglobin and myoglobin, in the same organisms. © 2012 Giordano et al.
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Pandolfi, M. - Canepa, M.M. - Meijide, F.J. - Alonso, F. - Vazquez, G.R. - Maggese, M.C. - Vissio, P.G.
Biocell 2009;33(1):1-18
2009
Temas: Brain - Early development - Neuroendocrinology - Pituitary - Reproduction - Teleosts - alpha intermedin - follitropin - gonadorelin - gonadotropin
Descripción: Many characteristics of the South American teleost fish Cichlasoma dimerus (body size, easy breeding, undemanding maintenance) make it amenable to laboratory studies. In the last years, many of the fundamental aspects of its reproductive and developmental biology have been addressed in our laboratory. Rather recently, the immunohistochemical localization of pituitary hormones involved in reproduction and in background color adaptation has been described in both adult and developing individuals, and the role of FSH in ovarian differentiation has been established. These findings have been correlated with mapping of some of their brain-derived controlling hormones. The latter include brain-derived gonadotropins which were shown to be active in vitro in the control of pituitary hormone secretions. The emerging picture shows C. dimerus as an interesting species in which many of their basic features have already been investigated and which conform a solid platform for comparative studies correlating neurohormones, pituitary hormones and behavior, from the molecular to the organismic level.
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Roqueiro, G. - Facorro, G.B. - Huarte, M.G. - Rubín De Celis, E. - García, F. - Maldonado, S. - Maroder, H.
Ann. Bot. 2010;105(6):1027-1034
2010
Temas: Embryo membrane integrity - Free radicals - Orthodox seed - Photooxidation - Salicaceae seeds - Salix nigra - Seed chlorophyll - Seed lipid peroxidation - Thylakoids - Willow seeds
Descripción: Background and Aims: Salix nigra seeds are desiccation-tolerant, as are orthodox seeds, although in contrast to other orthodox seeds they lose viability in a few weeks at room temperature. They also differ in that the chloroplasts of the embryo tissues conserve their chlorophyll and endomembranes. The aim of this paper was to investigate the role of chlorophyll in seed deterioration. Methods: Seeds were aged at different light intensities and atmospheric conditions. Mean germination time and normal and total germination were evaluated. The formation of free radicals was assessed using electronic spin resonance spectroscopy, and changes in the fatty acid composition from phospholipids, galactolipids and triglycerides using gas-liquid chromatography. Membrane integrity was studied with electronic spin resonance spin probe techniques, electrolyte leakage and transmission electron microscopy. Key Results: Light and oxygen played an important role in free-radical generation, causing a decrease in normal germination and an increase in mean germination time. Both indices were associated with a decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from membrane lipids as phospholipids and galactolipids. The detection of damage in thylakoid membranes and an increase in plasmalemma permeability were consistent with the decrease in both types of lipids. Triglycerides remained unchanged. Light-induced damage began in outermost tissues and spread inwards, decreasing normal germination. Conclusions: Salix nigra seeds were very susceptible to photooxidation. The thylakoid membranes appeared to be the first target of the photooxidative process since there were large decreases in galactolipids and both these lipids and the activated chlorophyll are contiguous in the structure of that membrane. Changes in normal germination and mean germination time could be explained by the deteriorative effects of oxidation. © The Author 2010.
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Carreira, V.P. - Soto, I.M. - Hasson, E. - Fanara, J.
J. Evol. Biol. 2006;19(4):1275-1282
2006
Temas: Body size - Cactophilic Drosophila - Environmental heterogeneity - Host plants - Wing morphology variation - adaptation - body size - breeding - fly - genetic variation
Descripción: Drosophila buzzatii and D. koepferae are two sibling species that breed on the necrotic tissues of several cactus species and show a certain degree of niche overlap. Also, they show differences in several life history traits, such as body size and developmental time, which probably evolved as a consequence of adaptation to different host plants. In this work we investigate the ecological and genetic factors affecting wing morphology variation both within and between species. Three wing traits were scored, distal and proximal wing length and width in isofemale lines reared in two of the most important host cacti: Opuntia sulphurea and Trichocereus terschekii. Our results revealed that differences between species and sexes in wing size and shape were significant, whereas the cactus factor was only significant for wing size. Intraspecific analyses showed that differences among isofemale lines were highly significant for both size and shape in both species, suggesting that an important fraction of variation in wing morphology has a genetic basis. Moreover, the line by cactus interaction, which can be interpreted as a genotype by environment interaction, also accounted for a significant proportion of variation. In summary, our study shows that wing size is phenotypically plastic and that populations of D. buzzatii and D. koepferae harbour substantial amounts of genetic variation for wing size and shape. Interspecific differences in wing size and shape are interpreted in terms of spatial predictability of the different host plants in nature. © 2006 The Authors.
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López, C.S. - Alice, A.F. - Heras, H. - Rivas, E.A. - Sánchez-Rivas, C.
Microbiology 2006;152(3):605-616
2006
Temas: cardiolipin - fatty acid - membrane lipid - phosphatidylglycerol - phospholipid - sodium chloride - synthetase - animal cell - article - Bacillus subtilis
Descripción: The importance of the content of anionic phospholipids [cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG)] in the osmotic adaptation and in the membrane structure of Bacillus subtilis cultures was investigated. Insertion mutations in the three putative cardiolipin synthase genes (ywiE, ywnE and ywjE) were obtained. Only the ywnE mutation resulted in a complete deficiency in cardiolipin and thus corresponds to a true clsA gene. The osmotolerance of a clsA mutant was impaired: although at NaCl concentrations lower than 1.2 M the growth curves were similar to those of its wild-type control, at 1 .5 M NaCl (LBN medium) the lag period increased and the maximal optical density reached was lower. The membrane of the clsA mutant strain showed an increased PG content, at both exponential and stationary phase, but no trace of CL in either LB or LBN medium. As well as the deficiency in CL synthesis, the clsA mutant showed other differences in lipid and fatty acids content compared to the wild-type, suggesting a cross-regulation in membrane lipid pathways, crucial for the maintenance of membrane functionality and integrity. The biophysical characteristics of membranes and large unilamellar vesicles from the wild-type and clsA mutant strains were studied by Laurdan's steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy. At physiological temperature, the clsA mutant showed a decreased lateral lipid packing in the protein-free vesicles and isolated membranes compared with the wild-type strain. Interestingly, the lateral lipid packing of the membranes of both the wild-type and clsA mutant strains increased when they were grown in LBN. In a conditional IPTG-controlled pgsA mutant, unable to synthesize PG and CL in the absence of IPTG, the osmoresistance of the cultures correlated with their content of anionic phospholipids. The transcriptional activity of the clsA and pgsA genes was similar and increased twofold upon entry to stationary phase or under osmotic upshift. Overall, these results support the involvement of the anionic phospholipids in the growth of B. subtilis in media containing elevated NaCl concentrations. © 2006 SGM.
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Fernandez, P. - Di Rienzo, J. - Fernandez, L. - Hopp, H.E. - Paniego, N. - Heinz, R.A.
BMC Plant Biol. 2008;8
2008
Temas: Helianthus - sodium chloride - vegetable protein - active transport - adaptation - article - cold - DNA microarray - down regulation - drug effect
Descripción: Background. Considering that sunflower production is expanding to arid regions, tolerance to abiotic stresses as drought, low temperatures and salinity arises as one of the main constrains nowadays. Differential organ-specific sunflower ESTs (expressed sequence tags) were previously generated by a subtractive hybridization method that included a considerable number of putative abiotic stress associated sequences. The objective of this work is to analyze concerted gene expression profiles of organ-specific ESTs by fluorescence microarray assay, in response to high sodium chloride concentration and chilling treatments with the aim to identify and follow up candidate genes for early responses to abiotic stress in sunflower. Results. Abiotic-related expressed genes were the target of this characterization through a gene expression analysis using an organ-specific cDNA fluorescence microarray approach in response to high salinity and low temperatures. The experiment included three independent replicates from leaf samples. We analyzed 317 unigenes previously isolated from differential organ-specific cDNA libraries from leaf, stem and flower at R1 and R4 developmental stage. A statistical analysis based on mean comparison by ANOVA and ordination by Principal Component Analysis allowed the detection of 80 candidate genes for either salinity and/or chilling stresses. Out of them, 50 genes were up or down regulated under both stresses, supporting common regulatory mechanisms and general responses to chilling and salinity. Interestingly 15 and 12 sequences were up regulated or down regulated specifically in one stress but not in the other, respectively. These genes are potentially involved in different regulatory mechanisms including transcription/translation/protein degradation/protein folding/ROS production or ROS-scavenging. Differential gene expression patterns were confirmed by qRT-PCR for 12.5% of the microarray candidate sequences. Conclusion. Eighty genes isolated from organ-specific cDNA libraries were identified as candidate genes for sunflower early response to low temperatures and salinity. Microarray profiling of chilling and NaCl-treated sunflower leaves revealed dynamic changes in transcript abundance, including transcription factors, defense/stress related proteins, and effectors of homeostasis, all of which highlight the complexity of both stress responses. This study not only allowed the identification of common transcriptional changes to both stress conditions but also lead to the detection of stress-specific genes not previously reported in sunflower. This is the first organ-specific cDNA fluorescence microarray study addressing a simultaneous evaluation of concerted transcriptional changes in response to chilling and salinity stress in cultivated sunflower.
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Moretti, M.B. - Maskin, L. - Gudesblat, G. - García, S.C. - Iusem, N.D.
Physiol. Plant. 2006;127(1):111-118
2006
Temas: Biosynthesis - Fruits - Genes - Glycerol - Osmosis - Yeast - Endogenous glycerol - Osmotic stress - Tomato protein - Proteins
Descripción: Asr1, a tomato gene induced by abiotic stress, belongs to a family, composed by at least three members, involved in adaptation to dry climates. To understand the mechanism by which proteins of this family seem to protect cells from water loss in plants, we expressed Asr1 in the heterologous expression system Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of a galactose-inducible promoter. In a mutant yeast strain deficient in one component of the stress-responsive high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway, namely the MAP kinase Hog1, the synthesis of ASR1 protein restores growth under osmotic stress conditions such as 0.5 M NaCl and 1.2 M sorbitol. In contrast, the rescuing of this phenotype was less evident using a wild-type strain or the upstream MAP kinase kinase (Pbs2)-deficient strain. In both knock-out strains impaired in glycerol synthesis because of a dysfunctional HOG pathway, but not in wild-type, ASR1 led to the accumulation of endogenous glycerol in an osmotic stress-independent and unrestrained manner. These data suggest that ASR1 complements yeast HOG-deficient phenotypes by inducing downstream components of the HOG pathway. The results are discussed in terms of the function of ASR proteins in planta at the molecular and cellular level. Copyright © Physiologia Plantarum 2006.
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Fernández Iriarte, P.J. - Balanyà, J. - Pascual, M. - Mestres, F. - Hasson, E.R. - Fontdevila, A. - Serra, L.
J. Evol. Biol. 2009;22(3):650-658
2009
Temas: Bottleneck - Colonization - Inversion polymorphism - Lethal genes - Microsatellite loci - microsatellite DNA - allele - biological invasion - colonization - fly
Descripción: Biological invasions are excellent opportunities to study the evolutionary forces leading to the adaptation of a species to a new habitat. Knowledge of the introduction history of colonizing species helps tracking colonizing routes and assists in defining management strategies for invasive species. The Palearctic species Drosophila subobscura is a good model organism for tracking colonizations since it was detected in Chile and western North America three decades ago and later on in the Atlantic coast of Argentina. To unravel the origin of the Argentinean colonizers two populations have been analysed with several genetic markers. Chromosomal arrangements and microsatellite alleles found in Argentina are almost similar to those observed in Chile and USA. The lethal allelism test demonstrates that the lethal gene associated with the O5 inversions in Argentina is identical to that found in Chile and USA, strongly supporting the hypothesis that all the American colonizing populations originated from the same colonization event. A secondary bottleneck is detected in the Argentinean populations and the genetic markers suggest that these populations originated from the invasion of 80-150 founding individuals from Chile. © 2008 European Society For Evolutionary Biology.
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Manuela Pujol, E. - Mermoz, M.E.
Ornitol. Neotrop. 2011;22(4):553-568
2011
Temas: Adaptations - Allometric equation - Ancestor reconstruction - Brood parasites - Cowbirds - Egg mass - Exaptations - Incubation period - Molothrus - Nestling asymptotic body mass
Descripción: Hamilton & Orians (1965) stated that the non-parasitic ancestor of cowbirds accelerated its incubation period and nestling growth. Later, by comparing cowbirds with nesting birds, it was suggested that those characteristics, together with small eggs with thicker eggshell, were adaptations. When these hypotheses were tested considering the characteristics of the group in which cowbirds evolved, i.e. the "grackles and allies", it was found that only the thicker eggshell was a plausible adaptation. Moreover, nesting grackles and allies showed the same reproductive patterns as cowbirds (shorter incubation periods, faster nestling growth, and smaller eggs than those predicted by general allometric equations). In the present study, we tested whether small eggs with short incubation periods and nestlings with accelerated growth evolved in the ancestor of grackles and allies. For all the traits tested, we reconstructed ancestral states and built prediction intervals generated with independent variables that were allometrically related to them. Except for accelerated growth, we applied two evolutionary models incorporating outgroups in three steps. We found that the short incubation period and the faster nestling growth never evolved in the ancestor of grackles and allies. In most ancestor reconstructions, neither egg mass nor female body mass changed. However, when it changed, it increased both egg and female masses. The prediction intervals indicated that those increases did not imply an allometric change in size. Consequently, neither a decrease in egg mass nor an acceleration in nestling development and incubation period are considered characteristics that predisposed cowbirds to become brood parasites. © The Neotropical Ornithological Society.
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Pinto, A.V. - Mathieu, A. - Marsin, S. - Veaute, X. - Ielpi, L. - Labigne, A. - Radicella, J.P.
Mol. Cell 2005;17(1):113-120
2005
Temas: bacterial protein - DNA - protein MSH2 - article - controlled study - DNA repair - DNA structure - enzyme activity - genetic variability - Helicobacter pylori
Descripción: In addition to their role in DNA repair, recombination events are associated with processes aimed at providing the genetic variability needed for adaptation and evolution of a population. In bacteria, recombination is involved in the appearance of new variants by allowing the incorporation of exogenous DNA or the reshuffling of endogenous sequences. Here we show that HpMutS2, a protein belonging to the MutS2 family in Helicobacter pylori, is not involved in mismatch repair but inhibits homologous and homeologous recombination. Disruption of HpmutS2 leads to an increased efficiency of exogenous DNA incorporation. HpMutS2 has a selective affinity for DNA structures mimicking recombination intermediates with no specificity for homoduplex DNA or mismatches. The purified protein has an ATPase activity stimulated by the same DNA structures. Finally, we show that HpMutS2 inhibits DNA strand exchange reactions in vitro. Thus, MutS2 proteins are candidates for controlling recombination and therefore genetic diversity in bacteria.
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