Descripción: Relativistic effects on nuclear magnetic shielding constants in HX and CH 3X, where X is either Br or I, were investigated using elimination of small component (ESC) approach. The values of σ(X) were found to affected by relativistic corrections. Large negative contributions correcting the dimagnetic terms were observed that when the effect of electron-positron rotations was included within RC-ESC approach. The results show that some overall shifts from HX to CH 3X is dominated by nonrelativistic effects.

Descripción: Vertical excitation and electron detachment energies associated with the optical absorption of iodide ions dissolved in supercritical ammonia at 420 K have been calculated in two limiting scenarios: as a solvated free I- ion and forming a K+ I- contact ion pair (CIP). The evolution of the transition energies as a result of the gradual building up of the solvation structure was studied for each absorbing species as the solvent's density increased, i.e., changing the N H3 supercritical thermodynamic state. In both cases, if the solvent density is sufficiently high, photon absorption produces a spatially extended electron charge beyond the volume occupied by the solvated solute core; this excited state resembles a typical charge-transfer-to-solvent (CTTS) state. A combination of classical molecular dynamics simulations followed by quantum mechanical calculations for the ground, first-excited, and electron-detached electronic states have been carried out for the system consisting of one donor species (free I- ion or K+ I- CIP) surrounded by ammonia molecules. Vertical excitation and electron detachment energies were obtained by averaging 100 randomly chosen microconfigurations along the molecular dynamics trajectory computed for each thermodynamic condition (fluid density). Short- and long-range contributions of the solvent-donor interaction upon the CTTS states of I- and K+ I- were identified by performing additional electronic structure calculations where only the solvent interaction due to the first neighbor molecules was taken into account. These computations, together with previous experimental evidence that we collected for the system, have been used to analyze the solvent effects on the CTTS transition. In this paper we have established the following: (i) the CTTS electron of free I- ion or K+ I- CIP presents similar features, and it gradually localizes in close proximity of the iodine parent atom when the ammonia density is increased; (ii) for the free I- ion, the short-range solvent interaction contributes to the stabilization of the ground state more than it does for the CTTS excited state, which is evidenced experimentally as a blueshift in the maximum absorption of the CTTS transition when the density is increased; (iii) this effect is less noticeable for the K+ I- ion pair, because in this case a tight solvation structure, formed by four N H3 molecules wedged between the ions, appears at very low density and is very little affected by changes in the density; (iv) the long-range contribution to the solvent stabilization can be neglected for the K+ I- CIP, since the main features of its electronic transition can be explained on the basis of the vicinity of the cation; (v) however, the long-range solvent field contribution is essential for the free I- ion to become an efficient CTTS donor upon photoexcitation, and this establishes a difference in the CTTS behavior of I- in bulk and in clusters. © 2007 American Institute of Physics.

Descripción: Crystal structures are presented for two members of the homologous series of 1,2-dibromo-4,5-dialkoxybenzenes, viz. those with decyloxy and hexadecyloxy substituents, namely 1,2-dibromo-4,5-bis(decyloxy)benzene, C26H44Br2O2, (II), and 1,2-dibromo-4,5-bis(hexadecyloxy)benzene, C38H68Br2O2, (III). The relative influences which halogen bonding, π- π stacking and van der Waals interactions have on these structures are analysed and the results compared with those already found for the lightest homologue, 1,2-dibromo-4,5- dimethoxybenzene, (I) [Cukiernik, Zelcer, Garland & Baggio (2008). Acta Cryst. C64, o604-o608]. The results confirm that the prevalent interactions stabilizing the structures of (II) and (III) are van der Waals contacts between the aliphatic chains. In the case of (II), weak halogen C - Br ⋯(Br - C) ′ interactions are also present and contribute to the stability of the structure. In the case of (III), van der Waals interactions between the aliphatic chains are almost exclusive, weaker C - Br ⋯ π interactions being the only additional interactions detected. The results are in line with commonly accepted models concerning trends in crystal stability along a homologous series (as measured by their melting points), but the earlier report for n = 1, and the present report for n = 10 and 16, are among the few providing single-crystal information validating the hypothesis.

Descripción: We investigate the importance of relativistic effects on NMR shielding constants and chemical shifts of linear HgL2 (L = Cl, Br, I, CH 3) compounds using three different relativistic methods: the fully relativistic four-component approach and the two-component approximations, linear response elimination of small component (LR-ESC) and zeroth-order regular approximation (ZORA). LR-ESC reproduces successfully the four-component results for the C shielding constant in Hg(CH3)2 within 6 ppm, but fails to reproduce the Hg shielding constants and chemical shifts. The latter is mainly due to an underestimation of the change in spin-orbit contribution. Even though ZORA underestimates the absolute Hg NMR shielding constants by ∼2100 ppm, the differences between Hg chemical shift values obtained using ZORA and the four-component approach without spin-density contribution to the exchange-correlation (XC) kernel are less than 60 ppm for all compounds using three different functionals, BP86, B3LYP, and PBE0. However, larger deviations (up to 366 ppm) occur for Hg chemical shifts in HgBr 2 and HgI2 when ZORA results are compared with four-component calculations with non-collinear spin-density contribution to the XC kernel. For the ZORA calculations it is necessary to use large basis sets (QZ4P) and the TZ2P basis set may give errors of ∼500 ppm for the Hg chemical shifts, despite deceivingly good agreement with experimental data. A Gaussian nucleus model for the Coulomb potential reduces the Hg shielding constants by ∼100-500 ppm and the Hg chemical shifts by 1-143 ppm compared to the point nucleus model depending on the atomic number Z of the coordinating atom and the level of theory. The effect on the shielding constants of the lighter nuclei (C, Cl, Br, I) is, however, negligible. © 2011 American Institute of Physics.