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Contenido: This article presents a general introduction to ancient Egyptian art studies. But the very notion of “Egyptian art” is problematic, to say the least. While earlier Egyptologists did not hesitate to use the concept, soon the need for a precise definition became evident. This task, however, proved very difficult. On the contrary, most recent works tend to avoid the problem by discarding the category “art”, speaking instead of visual culture, iconography, etc. In the following pages, I would like to argue in favour of using the category “art” for ancient Egypt, and to discuss critically how the history of the discipline has defined Egyptian art. For this purpose, I will examine a number of rock art images that do not follow the themes and conventions of “Egyptian art” as it is commonly understood. Due to their particular relationship with the landscape and their marginal location regarding population centres, I consider them to be especially relevant. I will present a balance of the studies on Egyptian art,and then recover new tools and discussions from art history that can be useful to understand better the Egyptian art of any period.

Contenido: La interpretación de la presencia del gran templo de Amón en el registro epigráfico de TT49 es abordada en este estudio en conjunto con la del santuario de Hathor representado en el mismo monumento. Ambas escenas se ubicaron en la capilla de la tumba de Neferhotep (TT49) y su evocación de los templos de Karnak y Deir el Bahari fue analizada desde una perspectiva relacional. En ella hemos considerado de manera enfática la localización espacial de cada escena en el programa decorativo del monumento, dado que la topografía del desarrollo iconográfico en su interior cumplía con una función específica, orientada a reproducir el paisaje ritual de Tebas. Éste habría sido construido para proveer el escenario apropiado a las grandes celebraciones del estado que los tenían como puntos focales del culto en un itinerario litúrgico que proyectaba el poder simbólico de la realeza al ámbito funerario.AbstractThe interpretation of the great temple of Amun presence in the epigraphic record of TT49 is addressed in this study together with that of the Hathor’s shrine represented in the same monument. The scenes were placed in the chapel of the tomb of Neferhotep (TT49) and his evocation of the temples of Karnak and Deir el-Bahari was analyzed from a relational perspective. It emphatically have considered the spatial location of each scene in the decoration of the monument, since the topography of the iconographic development met within a specific function, designed to replicate the ritual landscape of Thebes. This would have been constructed to provide the appropriate scenery to large state celebrations as focal points of worship in a liturgical itinerary that projected the symbolic power of kingship on the funerary sphere. 

Contenido: En este artículo se expondrá la vigencia de las proposiciones de Marx y Engels, con sus contradicciones y sus variaciones en el tiempo, respecto del modo de producción asiático. En particular, trataremos la conexión con el proceso histórico en el Antiguo Egipto, especialmente en relación con la organización estatal. Analizaremos, en parte también, cómo esas elaboraciones de los autores alemanes fueron recibidas y transformadas por la historiografía marxista más relevante.

Contenido: En este breve artículo quisiéramos marcar unas líneas sobre dos tipos diferentes de asentamientos que se emplazaban en todo el reino de Mari, durante el período Paleobabilónico: las ciudades y las aldeas. A través del acercamiento a las fuentes del Archivo Real de Mari, notamos que para nombrar a los moradores del centro político de Mari se utilizan referencias más unidas a lo laboral que a otros diacríticos identitarios. En tanto en las urbes más pequeñas y aldeas las identidades que aparecen atestiguadas en las fuentes también ponen de relieve lo étnico, cuestión mayormente ocluida en la ciudad capital.

Contenido: La cultura material y los fragmentos bíblicosEl presente artículo intenta hacer un aporte a los conocimientos que vienen siendo debatidos en la Arqueología del Oriente Antiguo. Con ese objetivo se escogió un sitio arqueológico para analizar meticulosamente la forma en se canaliza el texto bíblico en diferentes etapas de la historia de Judá -conforme las recientes teorías de la metodología histórica (minimalista y maximalista) vienen provocando. Así, el sitio de Laquis será avalado en base consideraciones geográficas, históricas y bíblicas, y a partir de esos aspectos se espera reconocer los nichos de formación de los textos bíblicos, incluyendo la información encontrada para la descripción de un porvenir formativo.AbstractThere is an intention with the present article to take a look into the knowledge that has been debated in the route of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. An archaeological site was chosen for that know the way that it has been canalizing the biblical text in the ages of the history of Judah - according to what the recent theories of the historical methodology (minimalistic and maximalistic) has done. Then, Laquis site will be guaranteed by ground, historical and biblical positions, from these aspects on the expectative is to recognize the niches of the formation of the biblical texts counting on the found information for description of a formative future.

Contenido: The Sikait Project is an archaeological project centered in the analysis of the extraction and trade of emeralds in Antiquity. Since 2018 it has conducted five archaeological seasons in the Wadi el-Gemal National Park (Eastern Desert of Egypt), a region known in ancient times as the “Smaragdos”, for being the only area within the Roman Empire where emeralds could be found. The current paper introduces the results of the project during the 2020 to 2023 seasons, focusing on the archaeological excavations in Sikait and the documentation of the emerald mines.

Contenido: El presente trabajo de investigación procura rastrear y analizar las concepciones o representaciones del discurso eurocéntrico y orientalista sobre las sociedades de la antigüedad que se presentan en los libros de texto de historia antigua. Estos fueron utilizados en las secundarias de la Argentina en el período que va de 1890 a 1950. A partir del análisis de estas fuentes, nos proponemos por consiguiente indagar en la apropiación de los valores culturales occidentales/europeos, que tuvo lugar en la Argentina durante los siglos XIX y XX y que, como demuestra el análisis realizado, fue reproducida en dichos manuales escolares.

Contenido: Following the discovery of the royal mummies in 1881 and the excavation campaign by Ambrose Lansing in 1920, the Royal Cachette Wadi has been considered a space archaeologically empty, specially due to its interpretation as secret and hiding place from the very moment of discovery. Starting in 2017, the C2 Project of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain) and the Center for the Study of Ancient Egypt (Egypt) has carried out four campaigns in this wadi. Its results let us put into question the validity of the mentioned conception of the valley. Outside of the tomb TT 320, some structures and a cultic area marked by the presence of a torn down monumental effigy, prayers, names of priests and leftovers of offerings have been identified. Common to these elements and others present in the wadi is a rocky step of geological formation but used by humans. The archaeoastronomical observations made in the wadi make it possible to start to understand the reasons for its usage and its relationship to all the identified elements.

Contenido: This article is intended to analyze the available textual data in relation to the particular situation of the city of Tuttul, other cities and towns cultural and historically linked to that urban settlement, and the tribes from the Middle Euphrates region, which appear frequently coalesced into the Yamina confederacy, throughout the transition period from the last days of Yahdun-Lîm’s Mari kingdom until the moment when Samsî-Addu achieved effective control over this region by annexing Tuttul to his western domain. The cuneiform texts have been chronologically ordered for the sake of analyzing properly events related to a unique sociopolitical space, which is located on the border with Aleppo’s domain.

Contenido: Los estudios de historia de las religiones del Mediterráneo antiguo son tributarios de la vieja oposición teológica entre las nociones de politeísmo y de monoteísmo. O mejor, el monoteísmo es ante todo un hecho histórico próximo-oriental antes que una noción universal. En cuanto al politeísmo romano, evoluciona para el caso de los emperadores en un henoteísmo solar durante los primeros tiempos del Imperio. El exclusivismo histórico y antropológico del monoteísmo próximo-oriental, presente en el cristianismo, no podía sino coexistir con esta novedosa concepción filosófico-religiosa.

Contenido: What are we talking about when we speak of an Ibero-American Egyptology? Such a question is composed of two cores: one refers to Egyptology as an academic discipline; the other to Ibero-America as a specific context. On one hand, the last quarter of a century has witnessed a firm and sustained trend towards the consolidation of Egyptology in Spanish and Portuguese-speaking countries. This consolidation implies that Egyptological questions in these countries are approaching those that can be posed in countries with a stronger Egyptological tradition. In this context, two lines for a possible discussion are those that focus on the academic dimension (the capacity of Egyptology to interact with other disciplines) and the social dimension (its relevance beyond the academic field). On the other hand, however, there is an aspect that points directly to Ibero-America: is there anything that distinguishes an Ibero-American Egyptology from the ones practiced in other regions? Once again, two possible lines open up to think about the issue: one refers to the double-sidedness of the task of Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking Egyptologists with respect to their audiences; the other points to a question of identity, which is based on a certain awareness of belonging that may encourage perspectives different to those of academies in the central countries.

Contenido: The so-called “Intermediate Periods” were traditionally described as “dark ages,” times of decay, revolution or anarchy, opposite to the historical processes where the State was unified and sustained the control over the Egyptian territory, at least the core which extended from Elephantine to the Delta. Furthermore, their naming through a numerical order (“First,” “Second,” and “Third”) as well as their qualification as “Intermediates” suggests certain similarity and sequential order which are far from the facts proven by the evidence. The aim of this work is differentiating the underlying premises lying beneath the analyses of such periods, the common factors detected and the singularities which define each of these disruptive processes.

Contenido: Las ideas que se expresan en los trabajos reunidos en este dossier –que se extenderá en dos volúmenes consecutivos de la RIHAO– fueron originalmente presentadas durante el VII Congreso Iberoamericano de Egiptología, que se celebró en Buenos Aires, del 5 al 7 de septiembre de 2022. El evento fue organizado por el Instituto de Historia Antigua Oriental “Dr. Abraham Rosenvasser” de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Buenos Aires y tuvo lugar en tres sedes: el Centro Cultural “Paco Urondo” (FFyL-UBA), la Universidad Pedagógica Nacional (UNIPE) y el auditorio “Jorge Luis Borges” de la Biblioteca Nacional “Mariano Moreno”. Participó del congreso un centenar de expositores, investigadores dedicados a la historia y la cultura del Antiguo Egipto, tanto de la península ibérica (España y Portugal) como de varios países de América Latina (Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, México, Uruguay y Venezuela), muchos de los cuales estuvieron presentes en Buenos Aires, mientras que otros tantos tomaron parte a través de la vía virtual. Del mismo modo, un numeroso público siguió las presentaciones y las discusiones de manera presencial y un número mucho mayor lo hizo de manera remota a través de la transmisión online.

Contenido: For students of the Iron Age a Levantine perspective presents significant challenges and rewards. The region is vaguely bounded and there are relatively few studies that place this larger context at their heart. Yet, approaching the Iron Age from a Levant-wide perspective is rewarding insofar as it requires us to consider global patterns and local diversity simultaneously. The tension between the ‘big picture’ and local detail complicates and challenges easy narratives of historical change. Two cases where a Levantine perspective changes how we view the Iron Age are 1) the interpretation of local Aegean style pottery in relation to the Sea Peoples, and 2) the form and formation of Iron Age kingdoms. 

Contenido: Este artículo examina los varios paralelismos entre el libro de Job y Prometeo encadenado de Esquilo, desde la perspectiva de una influencia griega directa sobre toda la Biblia hebrea, considerada como un proyecto literario de la era helenística originado en las prescripciones de Platón en las Leyes y en la República. El artículo también estudia alguna similitudes entre Job y la escena de la Embajada a Aquiles en la Ilíada de Homero, la cual resulta ser el modelo de Esquilo para Prometeo encadenado. Por lo tanto, la noción de “alusión en dos niveles”, esto es, cuando un autor alude tanto a un autor previo como a la fuente de dicho autor, es presentada como un posible criterio para determinar dependencia literaria.

Contenido: The idea of universal kingship is a frequent feature in the ideology of large, ethnically and culturally heterogeneous polities due to its capacity to organize the relationships between the imperial elite and the various local elites in a hierarchy. This conception can also be traced throughout the Hellenistic period, especially in the discursive elaborations produced by the Seleucids. Indeed, Greek and Babylonian sources reveal that a model of universal kingship based upon the image of Nebuchadnezzar II emerged under the Seleucid rule. This paper suggests that such model resulted from the interaction between the imperial elite and the priestly elite of Babylonia: the central administration aimed to maintain its domain, while the priests tried to incorporate themselves into the ideological frame of the empire through manipulation of their historical memory. However, when compared to the kingship model that Nebuchadnezzar offered in his inscriptions during the Neo-Babylonian Period, the Seleucid model presents evident discrepancies. As will be shown, this can be explained by alluding to the different sources of legitimacy of royal power that underlie each model.